Using a stand-level model to predict light absorption in stands with vertically and horizontally heterogeneous canopies

Background： Forest ecosystem functioning is strongly influenced by the absorption of photosynthetically active radiation （APAR）, and therefore, accurate predictions of APAR are critical for many process-based forest growth models. The Lambert-Beer law can be applied to estimate APAR for simple homogeneous canopies composed of one layer, one species, and no canopy gaps. However, the vertical and horizontal structure of forest canopies is rarely homogeneous. Detailed tree-level models can account for this heterogeneity but these often have high input and computational demands and work on finer temporal and spatial resolutions than required by stand-level growth models. The aim of this study was to test a stand-level light absorption model that can estimate APAR by individual species in mixed-species and multi-layered stands with any degree of canopy openness including open-grown trees to closed canopies. Methods： The stand-level model was compared with a detailed tree-level model that has already been tested in mixed-species stands using empirical data. Both models were parameterised for five different forests, including a wide range of species compositions, species proportions, stand densities, crown architectures and canopy structures. Results： The stand-level model performed well in all stands except in the stand where extinction coefficients were unusually variable and it appears unlikely that APAR could be predicted in such stands using （tree- or stand-level） models that do not allow individuals of a given species to have different extinction coefficients, leaf-area density or analogous parameters. Conclusion： This model is parameterised with species-specific information about extinction coefficients and mean crown length, diameter, height and leaf area. It could be used to examine light dynamics in complex canopies and in stand-level growth models.     

真鲷消化道的组织学和形态学研究

采用扫描电镜和光镜技术对真鲷的消化道进行了组织学和形态学研究。具发达颌齿的口咽腔之后，真鲷消化道由分化明显的食道、胃、小肠和直肠构成。口咽腔粘膜表面为复层上皮，其中含有怀状细胞和味蕾，表层细胞具微褶（脊）；食道粘膜也衬着复层上皮，由表层具微褶（脊）的扁平细胞、中层的怀状细胞及底部的基底细胞组成，食道粘部分区域 衬着单层柱状上皮；胃Ｖ形，粘膜表层为单层柱状上皮，贲门部和盲囊部上皮下有一厚层胃腺组织；     

光照强度对巴西橡胶树淡绿期叶片光合特性和活性氧代谢的影响

橡胶树种苗培育过程中需要避免强光照射,但光照强度对橡胶树幼苗叶片生理活性的作用机制尚不清楚。以橡胶树品系GT1的实生苗为材料,对植株进行不同光照强度处理,测定其淡绿期叶片在不同光照强度下的光合特性和活性氧代谢情况。结果表明,随着光照强度的增加,橡胶树淡绿期叶片的光化学效率(Fv/Fm)呈现上升规律,同时过氧化物的含量也呈现上升趋势,但是由于抗氧化酶对活性氧清除的作用,1 000μmol/m2·s的高光照强度并没有对橡胶树叶片造成伤害。说明200~400μmol/(m2·s)的光照强度比较适合橡胶树苗淡绿期叶片的生长和发育。     

Effects of long-term contrasting lime and phosphorus applications on barley grain yield,root growth and abundance of mycorrhiza

Lime and phosphorus (P) applications are common agricultural management practices. Our aim was to quantify the effects of long-term application practices on root growth and abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) under field conditions. We assessed the effects of lime and P fertilizer applications on barley yield, root growth and AMF abundance in 2016. Treatments were no, low, medium and high liming rate corresponding to application of 0, 4, 8 and 12 Mg lime ha⁻¹ every 5–9 years since 1942 combined with no or yearly application of 15.6 kg P ha⁻¹ since 1944. At harvest, grain yield, root intensity (core-break) and AMF abundance at different soil depths were estimated. Root development was monitored during early growth with minirhizotrons in treatments receiving low, medium and high liming rates and P fertilization. A quadratic model relating grain yield to liming rate estimated yields to peak at 6.4 Mg lime ha⁻¹ with yields of 4.2 and 3.2 Mg grain ha⁻¹ with and without P fertilization, respectively. Low and medium liming rates resulted in greater AMF abundance, especially in the no P treatments. During early growth in P-fertilized treatments, 77% and 65% more roots developed in the soil profile when treated with medium and high liming rate, respectively, compared to low liming rate. We conclude that long-term application of lime in soils receiving yearly P fertilization improved conditions for root growth in soil layers below 30 cm, but at the high liming rate, this did not translate into higher yield.     

光照对香菇菌丝后熟转色过程中活性氧代谢及自噬的影响

为研究光照对香菇菌丝后熟转色过程中活性氧代谢的影响,通过设置自然光照条件与黑暗条件下香菇菌丝后熟转色对比试验,分析其活性氧含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)氧化酶活性、抗氧化酶活性及自噬的差异。结果表明,自然光照条件下香菇菌丝正常后熟转色,黑暗条件下香菇菌丝不转色。自然光照条件下香菇菌丝活性氧含量、MDA含量、NADPH氧化酶活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性均显著高于黑暗条件,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化则与之相反。同时,香菇菌丝细胞自噬的透射电镜分析及实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)对自噬基因Atg8的表达水平分析结果表明,在自然光照条件下香菇菌丝细胞的自噬特征明显。本研究结果为优化香菇栽培的环境条件提供了一定的理论依据,也为后续对光照环境下香菇体内氧化平衡的作用机理研究提供了有效参考。     

NDIS中间层驱动技术在反溯源网络中的应用

采用NDIS中间层驱动技术构筑反溯源网络,可在一定程度上确保网络及个人信息安全。介绍NDIS的含义及NDIS中间层驱动技术的原理,阐述NDIS中间层驱动程序的设计与实现方式。经效果测试,证实利用NDIS中间层驱动技术对数据包进行传输,能很好地保证网络安全性。     

VSC-HVDC输电系统的特点与应用

轻型直流输电系统是基于VSC技术的新型直流输电技术。介绍轻型直流输电基本原理,对比轻型直流输电技术与传统直流输电技术在结构和功能方面的区别,阐述轻型直流输电的优点,并对其应用进行总结和展望,以期为轻型直流输电技术在我国的应用和发展提供一定参考。     

MODIS数据在森林火点识别中的应用研究

以昆明市安宁县和玉溪市易门县为研究区,选用MODIS数据作为数据源,ARCGIS和ENVI软件作为数据处理平台,采用绝对亮温、相对亮温和植被指数3个因子作为林火判断条件,提高林火判别的精度,为森林火灾的早期探测与发现、火灾扑救和损失评估业务在云南省的运用奠定基础.     

樟树光合特性的季节动态

樟树（ Cinnamonum campora）春、夏、秋季净光合速率日动态均呈现“双峰型”曲线,而冬季为“单峰型”曲线,其日最大净光合速率和日均值存在明显的季节变化,由大到小的排序均为夏季（9．06、7．03μmol· m-2· s-1）、秋季（7．23、5．96μmol· m-2· s-1）、春季（6．91、5．58μmol· m-2· s-1）、冬季（5．60、4．32μmol· m-2· s-1）。基于指数改进模型估算的樟树不同季节光合参数分析得出,樟树光补偿点、光饱和点、最大净光合速率、暗呼吸速率均呈现显著的季节变化,夏季樟树光补偿点（63．44μmol· m-2· s-1）最大,春、秋、冬季（均约为52．3μmol· m-2· s-1）没有显著差异;夏季的光饱和点（1625．70μmol· m-2· s-1）、最大净光合速率（9．19μmol· m-2· s-1）最大,春季（1519．39、6．80μmol· m-2· s-1）和秋季（1509．53、7．71μmol· m-2· s-1）两者没有显著差异,冬季最小（1267．31、5．31μmol· m-2· s-1）;樟树夏季暗呼吸速率（2．53μmol· m-2· s-1）最大,春、秋、冬季（均约为1．4μmol· m-2· s-1）没有显著差异。可见,樟树为强阳性树种,一年四季均具有较好的净光合速率和生长潜力。